4^th International Conference on Infectious Diseases: Control and Prevention May 17-18, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Biography:

Dr. Pradhan has completed  his undergrduate from College of Medical Scinces, Chitwan, Nepal. He is a final year resident in Internal Medicine at Institute of Medicine (IOM), Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has conducted and actively participated in different health camps in Himalays of Nepal where people are not accessible to health services. He has published 10 papers in reputed journals and has been awarded with Torrrent Young Scholar Award 2019

Abstract:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed by including patients older than 16 years with the diagnosis of CKD stage 3, 4, 5, and 5D (CKD 5 on maintenance dialysis). Diagnosis of tuberculosis was established by clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. Renal transplant recipient patients were excluded from the study. Prior written informed consent was obtained from the patients or their accompanying persons. Site of study was TUTH, a tertiary referral centre located in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Results:

A total of 401 patients with CKD were included in the study (mean age, 50.92 ±17.98 years; 64.8% male). The prevalence of TB in CKD patients  was found to be 13.7% (55). Most common clinical presentations of TB in CKD were anorexia (85.7%), fever (83.7%), weight loss (51%), and cough (49%). Thirty eight patients (69.1 %) had extrapulmonary TB (EPTB), 12 (21.8%) had pulmonary TB, 3 (5.5%) had disseminated TB and 2 (3.6%) had miliary TB. Only 4.1% cases were smear positive. Pleural effusion (34.2%) was the most common EPTB. At 2 months of starting ATT, 29 patients out of the 49 newly diagnosed cases of TB (59.2%) had responded to therapy. The mortality at 2 months was 28.6% (14 had died amongst 49 patients). Four out of 49 patients (8.2%) didn’t improve, and 2 (4%) patients were lost to follow up. Mortality rate was relatively higher in miliary TB (one out of two patients died), and disseminated TB (one out of three patients died)

Conclusion :  

Prevalence and mortality of TB was higher in cohort of CKD. Special attention must be given to these people for timely diagnosis and treatment as the presentation is different and diagnosis can be missed. 

Biography:

Bezuayehu Alemayehu is a PhD candidate at the age of 32 years at Jimma University,Doctoral training program Instistue of Health of Science,Jimma University, Ethiopia. He is lecture in Mizan Tepi University. He has published more than 3 papers in reputed journal.         

Abstract:

Ethiopia is Sub Saharan African country where under five children diarrhea (UFCD) is a major public health problem where the problem persisted due to poor environmental health and low access for basic water sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services. Though, WaSH related problems are crosscutting in developing countries, investigation of socio-cultural and environmental factors help to design location specific intervention in a given community. This study aimed to examine spatiotemporal variability, detect hotspots areas and identify predictors of UFCD in Bench Maji zone, southwestern Ethiopia.

An integrated study design approaches (ISDA) was used to investigate hotspot areas and identify UFCD factors.  Firstly, retrospective longitudinal analysis using 90716 cases of ten years diarrhea illness data registered at health institutions of Bench Maji zone Health Management Information System (HMIS) at district level from January 2008 to June 2017. Spatial, space- time and temporal analyses were done using SaTScan version 9.4. In the meantime, spatial autocorrelations, hotspot   detection were done using ArcGIS 10.5 software. Secondly, community based cross-sectional data was collected   from   826 mothers with under-five children in selected districts during 01 Feb. to 30 April 2018, where multivariable   logistic regression model was fitted on STATA 12 to identify UFCD predictors.

Annually UFCD cases of 3610 per 100,000 was identified with a relative risk (RR) of 1.6.  The highest incidence of UFCD was recorded during dry season and showed an  increment from October to February. In  spatial  terms, risky cluster (RR>1) was detected in  the districts of Bero, Maji, Surma,  Minit  Shasha, Guraferda, Mizan  Aman town, and Sheko  with  non-random distribution. Six most likely clusters were identified as hotspot areas of UFCD.  At  individual level, child age  in months (95% CI for AOR 1.20;1.08-1.36), supplementary feeding age (95% CI for AOR1.75;1.882.89), mothers’ occupation (95% CI for AOR 1.75;0.51-0.93), mothers’ educational  status (95% CI for AOR 1.58;1.10-1.56),  mothers’ knowledge of diarrhea (95% CI for AOR 1.25;1.44-2.99),  absence of hand  washing during critical time (95% CI for AOR 0.95;1.69-3.65), and shared  residence   with domestic animals (95% CI for AOR 1.16,2.85-4.89)  whereas, at community level, spatial  heterogeneity (95% CI for AOR 1.72; 1.46-2.19),  unimproved  water sources (95% CI for AOR1.04; 1.11-1.63), and  unimproved latrine  facility (95% CI for AOR 1.02;1.00-1.71) were  identified as major causes of UFCD. Besides, the study indicated attention should be paid during dry season to avoid UFCD catastrophe. Likewise, UFCD risky districts needs targeted interventions to improve WaSH facilities and proper utilization, increase knowledge of mothers and change behavioral aspects of the community. 

Keywords: Bench Maji, individual and community level factors   under five diarrhea, Spatio-temporal, hotspot

Biography:

Biniyam Asmamaw  has completed his BPharm from University of Gondar in 2015. Currently, he is working as clinical pharmacist and Drug Information officer at Ethiopian federal police referral hospital. He has conducted more than 4 original research articles which are to be published in peer reviwed journals.

Abstract:

Ceftriaxone is among the most commonly utilized antibiotics owing to its high potency, broad spectrum of activity and low toxicity profile. Yet, there are evidences around the globe supporting the misuse of Ceftriaxone. This study aimed at evaluating the appropriateness of ceftriaxone use in medical and emergency wards of Gondar university referral hospital (GURH), Northwest Ethiopia. A prospective, cross-sectional study design was employed to evaluate the use of ceftriaxone at GURH. The medical records of patients who received ceftriaxone were reviewed prospectively between May 1 and July 30, 2015. Appropriateness of ceftriaxone use was evaluated as per the protocol developed from current treatment guidelines. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was also employed to come up with factors associated with inappropriate use of ceftriaxone. The total of 390 patients’ medical records was reviewed. The utilization rate of ceftriaxone was found to be high with a point prevalence of 59%. Ceftriaxone was empirically used in 79.5% of cases. The most common indications of Ceftriaxone were respiratory tract infections (29.3%), central nerveous system infections (24.1%) and prophylactic indications (16.4%). More than two third (80.2 %) of ceftriaxone use were found to be inappropriate and majority of unjustified ceftriaxone use emanated from inappropriate frequency of administration (78.3%), absence of culture and sensitivity test (68.7%) and duration of therapy (47%). Empiric treatment with ceftriaxone and the presences of co-administered drugs was significantly associated with its inappropriate use. The present study revealed a very high rate of inappropriate use of ceftriaxone which may potentially lead to emergence of drug resistant microorganisms and ultimately exposes the patient to treatment failure and increased cost of therapy. Prescribers should adhere to current evidence based guidelines and reserve ceftriaxone only for proven or strongly suspected infections.

 

Biography:

Hyunjo Kim  has completed his PhD at the age of 25 years from Temple University and postdoctoral studies from Ajou University School of Medicine. She is the director of Pharmaceutics, a premier Bio-QA service organization. She has published more than 40 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of repute oncology journals

Abstract:

The role of clinical genomics in infectious disease diagnostics and public health microbiology is the topic of discussion during a recent decade. Although much of this work is aimed at describing the structure of outbreak communities, the methodology works equally well to identify pathogens in clinical samples. Clinical genomics is the exploitation of genome sequence data for diagnostic, therapeutic, and public health purposes. Central to this field is the high-throughput DNA sequencing of genomes and metagenomes. The key concept in using clinical genomics methodology is that detection of microbes is independent of culture and is not limited to targets used for in-depth PCR assays. Rather, it is a process of generating large-scale sequence data sets that adequately sample a specimen for microbial content and then of applying computational methods to resolve the sequences into individual species, genes, pathways, or other features.

Biography:

Comfort Sariem is a PhD student from the University of Jos, Nigeria. She is a lecturer from the same University and she coordinates the hosptial rotations for pharmacy students. She has published 17 papers in reputed journals. Her research interest is in the mangement of tuberculosis particularly behavioural medicine and treatment outcomes. She also has interest in Pharmacy education and is a reviewer of the preceptor development manual developed by the education committee of the Nigerian Association of Pharmacis and Pharmaceutical Scientists in America for Nigerian Pharmacy preceptors.

Abstract:

Nigeria is among the countries with high burden of tuberculosis and the highest global mortality rate despite high treatment success recorded. The retrospective cohort study was done from 2001 to 2015 study in five treatment centers in Jos North and Mangu Local Government area of Plateau State, North-Central Nigeria.

The aim of this study was to examine a fifteen-year cohort of tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Treatment outcomes were classified as successful (cured, treatment completed) or unsuccessful (non-adherent, treatment failure or death) and analyzed using binary logistic regression.

Males composed 58.1% of the population (10,156). Mean age was 35.5 years. Overall treatment success rate was 67.4%; non-adherence/defaulting rate 18.5%, with the majority of patients defaulting at the end of intensive phase of treatment; sputum conversion rate 72.8% and mortality rate was 7.5%. A decrease in successful treatment outcomes from 83.8% to 64.4%, with a corresponding increase in unsuccessful treatment outcomes was observed. Predictors of non-adherence were patients with unknown HIV status (OR 4.29, 95% CI: 3.74-4.91, p < 0.001); being male (OR 1.15, CI: 1.37-1.66, p = 0.008) and having a history of non-adherence (OR 2.27, CI: 1.34-3.87, p = 0.002). 

Interventions targeting patient education particularly in males, HIV positive TB patients, non-adherent patients and the health system are advocated considering the decrease in successful treatment outcomes.

Biography:

My names are Iniekong Philip Udoh. I obtained Ph. D in Pharmaceutical Microbiology (2013) and Master of Science in Medical Laboratory Sciences (Medical Microbiology) in 2006 from University of Nigeria, Nsukka. I obtained Associate degree in Medical Laboratory sciences in 1994 from Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria and B. Sc in Microbiology (1990) from University of Cross Rivers State. Currently, a senior lecturer in the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences University of Nigeria. I have published more than 20 papers in reputed journals including Thomson Reuter’s ranking journals and also presented papers in the USA (ASM and NFID conferences

Abstract:

Antifungal activity of crude methanolic leaf extract of Sphenocentrum jollyanum (SJ) was screened for antifungal activities against fusarial isolates from humans (corneal scrapings, skin scrapings and nail clippings) and plants (tomato seedlings, palm fruit, sweet potato, Irish potato, banana, carrot, plantain, pawpaw, pear, water-melon and pepper) sources. Isolation and identification of Fusarium species were carried out using standard mycological methods. The extract and antifungal agents (miconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine, fluconazole, ciclopirox, voriconazole, and itraconazole) were screened against 1265 fusarial isolates from human specimens and 2,140 fusarial isolates from plants sources using modified agar well diffusion and modified agar disc diffusion methods respectively. Susceptibility test of SJ extract revealed that it possesses potent antifungal activity against both human and plant isolates tested. The mean inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of the extract against isolates from human and plant sources were 31.9700±0.65612 and 29.0300±0.97147 respectively, while that of vericonazole (most potent) was 15.4808±0.69365 and 15.2380±0.70292 for human and plant respectively. This was followed by fluconazole with mean IZD of 13.7601±0.77770 and 13.9860±0.80569 for human and plant, respectively. However multi-resistance was observed among other antifungal agents tested. There was significant difference between the activity of the extract and that of antifungal agents (P = 0.000). The lowest MIC for SJ was 0.0679µg/ml while that of antifungal agent was < 1. The IZD and MICs results further proved that extract has potent antifungal activity. In conclusion the results of this study showed that SJ is a rich source of antimicrobial agents.